Radiation Safety Training Service | in Dammam - Riyadh - Jeddah - Makkah

1. Introduction to Radiation and Radiation Safety

• Radiation definition including (energy emission, ionizing radiation, radioactive decay, sources)

• Ionizing radiation types including (alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, neutrons)

• Radiation sources including (natural background, medical, industrial, nuclear power, research)

• Radiation safety importance including (health protection, regulatory compliance, public safety, environmental protection)

• Regulatory framework including (NRC regulations, OSHA standards, state regulations, license requirements)

2. Radiation Types and Properties

• Alpha particles including (low penetration, high ionization, paper/skin stopping, internal hazard)

• Beta particles including (moderate penetration, tissue damage, plastic/aluminum stopping, external/internal hazard)

• Gamma rays and X-rays including (high penetration, deep tissue exposure, lead shielding, external hazard)

• Neutrons including (high penetration, activation, hydrogen shielding, specialized hazard)

• Particle characteristics including (energy, penetrating power, range, interaction with matter)

3. Radiation Units and Measurements

• Radiation quantities including (activity, exposure, absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose)

• Activity units including (Becquerel, Curie, decay rate, source strength)

• Dose units including (Gray, rad, Sievert, rem, dose equivalent)

• Exposure rate including (intensity, distance relationship, field strength)

• Contamination levels including (surface contamination, removable contamination, fixed contamination, limits)

4. Biological Effects of Radiation

• Health effects including (deterministic effects, stochastic effects, acute effects, chronic effects)

• Deterministic effects including (threshold dose, skin burns, radiation sickness, organ damage)

• Stochastic effects including (cancer, genetic effects, probability, no threshold)

• Dose-response relationship including (linear no-threshold model, risk estimation, cumulative effects)

• Sensitive tissues including (bone marrow, reproductive organs, lens of eye, thyroid)

5. Radiation Dose Limits and Exposure Standards

• Occupational dose limits including (annual limit, quarterly limits, organ-specific limits)

• Public dose limits including (annual limit, unrestricted area, environmental releases)

• Declared pregnant worker including (embryo/fetus dose limit, notification requirements, work restrictions)

• ALARA program including (dose optimization, administrative limits, investigation levels)

• Exposure monitoring including (dosimetry requirements, reporting, record keeping)

6. ALARA Principle and Dose Reduction

• ALARA definition including (As Low As Reasonably Achievable, optimization, cost-benefit)

• ALARA implementation including (planning, engineering controls, administrative controls, training)

• Dose reduction strategies including (work planning, procedure optimization, equipment improvement, practice)

• ALARA program elements including (management commitment, dose tracking, investigation, continuous improvement)

• Dose justification including (benefit analysis, alternative consideration, necessity evaluation)

7. Time, Distance, and Shielding Protection

• Time principle including (minimize exposure duration, efficient work, rehearsal, speed with safety)

• Distance principle including (inverse square law, maximize separation, remote handling, distance calculation)

• Shielding principle including (barrier placement, material selection, thickness calculation, attenuation)

• Shielding materials including (lead for gamma/X-ray, plastic for beta, water/concrete for neutrons)

• Combined protection including (optimize all three factors, layered protection, maximum dose reduction)

8. Radiation Detection and Monitoring Instruments

• Detection principles including (ionization, scintillation, semiconductor, interaction mechanisms)

• Survey instruments including (Geiger-Mueller counters, ionization chambers, scintillation detectors)

• Instrument selection including (radiation type, energy range, sensitivity, application)

• Instrument operation including (turn-on procedure, background check, survey technique, response time)

• Instrument limitations including (energy dependence, dead time, saturation, environmental effects)

9. Radiation Survey and Monitoring Procedures

• Survey types including (routine surveys, pre-operational surveys, post-work surveys, contamination surveys)

• Survey procedures including (systematic approach, background measurement, detection sensitivity, documentation)

• Contamination surveys including (direct measurement, swipe testing, removable contamination, action levels)

• Area monitoring including (boundary surveys, posting requirements, high radiation areas, restricted access)

• Survey documentation including (locations, readings, instruments, date/time, surveyor identification)

10. Personal Dosimetry and Exposure Monitoring

• Dosimeter types including (film badges, TLDs, OSLs, electronic personal dosimeters, extremity dosimeters)

• Dosimeter wear including (proper placement, whole body position, extremity placement, consistent use)

• Dosimetry program including (badge assignment, wearing requirements, exchange frequency, dose reporting)

• Dose record keeping including (lifetime dose, quarterly reports, annual summaries, termination reports)

• Dose investigation including (elevated dose, causes, corrective actions, ALARA review)

11. Case Studies & Group Discussions

• Radiation incidents including (overexposures, contamination events, source losses, equipment failures)

• ALARA success stories including (dose reduction, engineering improvements, procedure optimization)

• Industry radiation work including (industrial radiography, nuclear medicine, research laboratories, nuclear power)

• Lessons from radiation accidents including (Goiânia accident, radiography incidents, contamination events, medical overexposures)

• The importance of proper training in developing effective radiation safety capabilities